China has said that India must sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to gain entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
The NPT is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to foster the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of disarmament.
● It represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States.
● Nuclear-weapon states parties under the NPTare defined as those that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device before January 1, 1967.
● India did not sign it as the treaty was discriminatory. India argued that treaties like NPT were selectively applicable to only non-nuclear powers and legitimized the monopoly of nuclear power by a few.
● Consequently India conducted nuclear explosion test in May 1974, all along maintaining that it was committed to peaceful use of atomic energy.
● In 1998, India again conducted a nuclear explosion tests, and acquired the capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes.
● To alleviate the fears of a world community, India formulated a comprehensive nuclear doctrine. The major tenets of this doctrine are:
○ Maintenance of a credible minimum nuclear deterrence.
○ Professes no first use policy.
○ Commitment to global veritable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world.
● India has abided by both NPT and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) even though it is a non-signatory. This along with its commitments on nuclear non-proliferation under NSG waiver in 2008 provides India with a strong basis for
membership in NSG.
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
● NSG is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports.
● The NSG was set up as a response to India’s nuclear tests conducted in 1974.
● The aim of the NSG is to ensure that nuclear trade for peaceful purposes does not contribute to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
● The grouping has 48 participating governments and the European Commission acts as
an Observer.
● Since 2008, India has sought membership in the NSG. The same year, the NSG granted India a “clean waiver” from its existing rules, which forbids nuclear trade with a country which has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
● The waiver paved the way for India to engage in nuclear trade and led to the Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal. India has since signed civilian nuclear cooperation agreements with the U.S., U.K., France, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,Namibia, and South Korea.
● The drive for India’s membership got a decisive boost when the U.S declared support for
India joining the quartet of multilateral export control regimes.
● U.S ‘proposed case for a country-specific rather than a criteria-based approach rested on the argument that India’s nuclear record and commitment to non-proliferation norms qualified it as a “like minded country” to join the NSG.

Impediments to India’s NSG bid
● NSG operates by consensus and all its current members are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
● China has relied on an obstructionist argument claiming that a “compulsory” requirement for NSG membership is that they must be signatories to the NPT.
● China equates India with Pakistan — which has an established history of nuclear proliferation, further complicating the scenario.
Significance of NSG Membership for India
● Membership of NSG will increase India’s access to state-of-the-art nuclear technology from members of the Group.
● As per India’s commitment under the Paris climate agreement, it has to ensure that 40% of its energy is sourced from renewable and clean sources by 2030. In order to achieve this target, India needs to scale up nuclear power production. This can only happen if India gains access to NSG.
● Some nations are restricted by regional treaties (For eg., Pelindaba Treaty) to provide access to nuclear fuel and technology to India. If India joins the NSG, such restrictions are expected to be done away with.
● It establishes a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa.
● The treaty was signed in 1996 and came into effect in July 2009.
● It aims at preventing nuclear proliferation and preventing strategic minerals of Africa from being exported freely.
● This treaty prohibits member parties from coming into bilateral agreement with countries who are non-signatories of NPT.
● In 2016, Namibia criticized the Treaty of Pelindaba for disallowing Namibia to trade uranium to India because India is not a member of the NPT.